What does the term "self-efficacy" refer to?

The term "self-efficacy" specifically refers to a person's belief in their ability to succeed in particular situations or accomplish tasks. This concept, developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, plays a crucial role in how individuals approach goals, tasks, and challenges. When a person has high self-efficacy, they are more likely to take on difficult tasks and persist in the face of setbacks because they believe in their capabilities.

This belief can influence motivation, resilience, and overall performance. For instance, someone with high self-efficacy is more inclined to put in the effort required to improve their skills and is more likely to view failures as learning opportunities rather than as reasons to give up. In contrast, individuals with low self-efficacy may doubt their abilities, which can lead to avoidance of challenges or reduced effort, ultimately impacting their achievements and mental well-being.

The other options relate to different psychological concepts. Cognitive development pertains to the evolution of thought processes over time, social roles address how behavior is shaped by societal expectations, and attachment theory focuses on emotional bonds in relationships—but none of these capture the specific essence of self-efficacy.