Which of the following stages focuses on conformity to societal norms?

The stage that focuses on conformity to societal norms is conventional morality. This stage, as identified in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, is characterized by an individual’s adherence to rules, laws, and the expectations of society. At this level, people are motivated to maintain social order and gain approval by aligning their behavior with what is perceived as acceptable within their social groups.

Individuals in this stage recognize the importance of being seen as good by others and are primarily concerned with living up to the expectations and values of their community. They often judge the morality of actions based on how they conform to the norms and rules that govern social interactions.

In contrast, the other options represent different stages that do not focus primarily on societal conformity. Postconventional morality emphasizes abstract reasoning and principles that may transcend societal norms. Preconventional morality is based on self-interest and the consequences of actions rather than on societal rules. Universal ethics, while similar to postconventional, centers on universal moral principles that apply to all individuals, beyond conforming to societal expectations.